胡适:《文学改良刍议》(已校对好)1

第一篇:胡适:《文学改良刍议》(已校对好)1

       文学改良刍议

       胡适

       今之谈文学改良者众矣,记者末学不文,何足以言此?然年来颇于此事再四研思,辅以友朋辩论,其结果所得,颇不无讨论之价值。因综括所怀见解,列为八事,分别言之,以与当世之留意文学改良者一研究之。

       吾以为今日而言文学改良,须从八事入手。八事者何? 一曰,须言之有物。二曰,不摹仿古人。三曰,须讲求文法。

       四曰,不作无病之呻吟。

       五曰,务去烂调套语。

       六曰,不用典。

       七曰,不讲对仗。

       八曰,不避俗字俗语。

       一曰须言之有物 .......吾国近世文学之大病,在于言之无物。今人徒知“言之无文,行之不远”;而不知言之无物,又何用文为乎?吾所谓“物”,非古人所谓“文以载道”之说也。吾所谓“物”,约有二事:

       (一)情感 《诗序》曰:“情动于中而形诸言。言之不足,故嗟叹之。..嗟叹之不足,故咏歌之。咏歌之不足,不知手之舞之,足之蹈之也。”此吾所谓情感也。情感者,文学之灵魂。文学而无情感,如人之无魂,木偶而已,行尸走肉而已(今人所谓“美感”者,亦情感之一也)。

       (二)思想 吾所谓“思想”,盖兼见地、识力、理想三者而言之。思想..不必皆赖文学而传,而文学以有思想而益贵;思想亦以有文学的价值而益贵也:此庄周之文,渊明、老杜之诗,稼轩之词,施耐庵之小说,所以敻绝千古也。思想之在文学,犹脑筋之在人身。人不能思想,则虽面目姣好,虽能笑啼感觉,亦何足取哉?文学亦犹是耳。

       胡适:《文学改良刍议》 文学无此二物,便如无灵魂无脑筋之美人,虽有秾丽富厚之外观,抑亦末矣。近世文人沾沾于声调字句之间,既无高远之思想,又无真挚之情感,文学之衰微,此其大因矣。此文胜之害,所谓言之无物者是也。欲救此弊,宜以质救之。质者何?情与思二者而已。

       二曰不摹仿古人 .......文学者,随时代而变迁者也。一时代有一时代之文学:周、秦有周、秦之文学,汉、魏有汉、魏之文学,唐、宋、元、明有唐、宋、元、明之文学。此非吾一人之私言,乃文明进化之公理也。即以文论,有《尚书》之文,有先秦诸子之文,有司马迁、班固之文,有韩、柳、欧、苏之文,有语录之文,有施耐庵、曹雪芹之文:此文之进化也。试更以韵文言之:《击壤》之歌,《五子》之歌,一时期也;《三百篇》之诗,一时期也;屈原、荀卿之骚赋,又一时期也;苏、李以下,至于魏、晋,又一时期也;江左之诗流为排比,至唐而律诗大成,此又一时期也;老杜、香山之“写实”体诸诗(如杜之《石壕吏》、《羌村》,白之《新乐府》),又一时期也;诗至唐而极盛,自此以后,词曲代兴,唐、五代及宋初之小令,此词之一时代也;苏、柳(永)、辛、姜之词,又一时代也;至于元之杂剧传奇,则又一时代矣;凡此诸时代,各因时势风会而变,各有其特长,吾辈以历史进化之眼光观之,决不可谓古人之文学皆胜于今人也。左氏、史公之文奇矣,然施耐庵之《水浒传》视《左传》、《史记》何多让焉?《三都》、《两京》之赋富矣,然以视唐诗宋词,则糟粕耳。此可见文学因时进化,不能自止。唐人不当作商、周之诗,宋人不当作相如、子云之赋,——即令作之,亦必不工。逆天背时,违进化之迹,故不能工也。

       既明文学进化之理,然后可言吾所谓“不摹仿古人”之说。今日之中国,当造今日之文学,不必摹仿唐、宋,亦不必摹仿周、秦也。前见《国会开幕词》,有云:“于铄国会,遵晦时休”。此在今日而欲为三代以上之文之一证也。更观今之“文学大家”,文则下规姚、曾,上师韩、欧;更上则取法秦、汉、魏、晋,以为六朝以下无文学可言,此皆百步与五十步之别而已,而皆为文学下乘。即令神似古人,亦不过为博物院中添几许“逼真赝鼎”而已,文学云乎哉!昨见陈伯严先生一诗云:

       胡适:《文学改良刍议》 2

       涛园抄杜句,半岁秃千毫。所得都成泪,相过问奏刀。万灵噤不下,此老仰弥高。胸腹回滋味,徐看薄命骚。

       此大足代表今日“第一流诗人”摹仿古人之心理也。其病根所在,在于以“半岁秃千毫”之工夫作古人的钞胥奴婢,故有“此老仰弥高”之叹。若能洒脱此种奴性,不作古人的诗,而惟作我自己的诗,则决不致如此失败矣。

       吾每谓今日之文学,其足与世界“第一流”文学比较而无愧色者,独有白话小说(我佛山人、南亭亭长、洪都百炼生三人而已)一项。此无他故,以此种小说皆不事摹仿古人(三人皆得力于《儒林外史》、《水浒》、《石头记》。然非摹仿之作也),而惟实写今日社会之情状,故能成真正文学。其他学这个,学那个之诗古文家,皆无文学之价值也。今之有志文学者,宜知所从事矣。

       三曰须讲文法 ......今之作文作诗者,每不讲求文法之结构。其例至繁,不便举之,尤以作骈文律诗者为尤甚。夫不讲文法,是谓“不通”。此理至明,无待详论。

       四曰不作无病之呻吟 .........此殊未易言也。今之少年往往作悲观,其取别号则曰“寒灰”、“无生”、“死灰”;其作为诗文,则对落日而思暮年,对秋风而思零落,春来则惟恐其速去,花发又惟惧其早谢;此亡国之哀音也。老年人为之犹不可,况少年乎?其流弊所至,遂养成一种暮气,不思奋发有为,服劳报国,但知发牢骚之音,感喟之文;将以促其寿年,读者将亦短其志气:此吾所谓无病之呻吟也。国之多患,吾岂不知之?然病国危时,岂痛哭流涕所能收效乎?吾惟愿今之文学家作费舒特(Fichte),作玛志尼(Mazzini),而不愿其为贾生、王粲、屈原、谢皋羽也。其不能为贾生、王粲、屈原、谢皋羽,而徒为妇人醇酒丧气失意之诗文者,尤卑卑不足道矣!

       五曰务去烂调套语 ........今之学者,胸中记得几个文学的套语,便称诗人。其所为诗文处处是陈言烂调,“蹉跎”、“身世”、“寥落”、“飘零”、“虫沙”、“寒窗”、“斜阳”、“芳草”、“春胡适:《文学改良刍议》 3 闺”、“愁魂”、“归梦”、“鹃啼”、“孤影”、“雁字”、“玉楼”、“锦字”、“残更”,„„之类,累累不绝,最可憎厌。其流弊所至,遂令国中生出许多似是而非,貌似而实非之诗文。今试举吾友胡先骕先生一词以证之。

       ‚荧荧夜灯如豆,映幢幢孤影,凌乱无据。翡翠衾寒,鸳鸯瓦冷,禁得秋宵几度?幺弦漫语,早丁字帘前,繁霜飞舞。袅袅余音,片时犹绕柱。‛

       此词骤观之,觉字字句句皆词也,其实仅一大堆陈套语耳。“翡翠衾”、“鸳鸯瓦”,用之白香山《长恨歌》则可,以其所言乃帝王之衾之瓦也。“丁字帘”、“幺弦”,皆套语也。此词在美国所作,其夜灯决不“荧荧如豆”,其居室尤无“柱”可绕也。至于“繁霜飞舞”,则更不成话矣。谁曾见繁霜之“飞舞”耶?

       吾所谓务去烂调套语者,别无他法,惟在人人以其耳目所亲见、亲闻、所亲身阅历之事物,—一自己铸词以形容描写之;但求其不失真,但求能达其状物写意之目的,即是工夫。其用烂调套语者,皆懒惰不肯自己铸词状物者也。

       六曰不用典 .....吾所主张八事之中,惟此一条最受朋友攻击,盖以此条最易误会也。吾友江亢虎君来书曰:

       ‚所谓典者,亦有广狭二义。饾饤獭祭,古人早悬为厉禁;若并成语故事而屏之,则非惟文字之品格全失,即文字之作用亦亡。……文字最妙之意味,在用字简而涵义多。此断非用典不为功。不用典不特不可作诗,并不可写信,且不可演说。来函满纸‘旧雨’、‘虚怀’、‘治头治脚’、‘舍本逐末’、‘洪水猛兽’、‘发聋振聩’、‘负弩先驱’、‘心悦诚服’、‘词坛’、‘退避三舍’、‘滔天’、‘利器’、‘铁证’,……皆典也。试尽抉而去之,代以俚语俚字,将成何说话?其用字之繁简,犹其细焉。恐一易他词,虽加倍蓰而涵义仍终不能如是恰到好处,奈何?……‛ 此论甚中肯要。今依江君之言,分典为广狭二义,分论之如下:

       (一)广义之典非吾所谓典也。广义之典约有五种:

       (甲)古人所设譬喻,其取譬之事物,含有普通意义,不以时代而失其效用者,今人亦可用之。如古人言“以子之矛,攻子之盾”,今人虽不读书者,亦知胡适:《文学改良刍议》 4 用“自相矛盾”之喻,然不可谓为用典也。上文所举例中之“治头治脚”、“洪水猛兽”、“发聋振聩”,„„皆此类也。盖设譬取喻,贵能切当;若能切当,固无古今之别也。若“负弩先驱”、“退避三舍”之类,在今日已非通行之事物,在文人相与之间,或可用之,然终以不用为上。如言“退避”,千里亦可,百里亦可,不必定用“三舍”之典也。

       (乙)成语 成语者,合字成辞,别为意义。其习见之句,通行已久,不妨用之。然今日若能另铸“成语”,亦无不可也。“利器”、“虚怀”、“舍本逐末”,„„皆属此类。此非 “典”也,乃日用之字耳。

       (丙)引史事 引史事与今所论议之事相比较,不可谓为用典也。如老杜诗云,“未闻殷周衰,中自诛褒妲”,此非用典也。近人诗云,“所以曹孟德,犹以汉相终”,此亦非用典也。

       (丁)引古人作比 此亦非用典也。杜诗云,“清新庾开府,俊逸鲍参军”,此乃以古人比今人,非用典也。又云,“伯仲之间见伊吕,指挥若定失萧曹”,此亦非用典也。

       (戊)引古人之语 此亦非用典也。吾尝有句云,“我闻古人言,艰难惟一死”。又云,“尝试成功自古无,放翁此语未必是”。此乃引语,非用典也。

       以上五种为广义之典,其实非吾所谓典也。若此者可用可不用。

       (二)狭义之典,吾所主张不用者也。吾所谓用“典”者,谓文人词客不能自己铸词造句以写眼前之景,胸中之意,故借用或不全切,或全不切之故事陈言以代之,以图含混过去:是谓“用典”。上所述广义之典,除戊条外,皆为取譬比方之辞。但以彼喻此,而非以彼代此也。狭义之用典,则全为以典代言,自己不能直言之,故用典以言之耳,此吾所谓用典与非用典之别也。狭义之典亦有工拙之别,其工者偶一用之,未为不可,其拙者则当痛绝之。

       (子)用典之工者 此江君所谓用字简而涵义多者也。客中无书不能多举其例,但杂举一二,以实吾言:

       (l)东坡所藏“仇池石”,王晋卿以诗借观,意在于夺。东坡不敢不借,先以诗寄之,有句云,“欲留嗟赵弱,宁许负秦曲。传观慎勿许,间道归应速。”此用蔺相如返璧之典,何其工切也!

       (2)东坡又有“章质夫送酒六壶,书至而酒不达。”诗云,“岂意青州六从胡适:《文学改良刍议》 5 事,化为乌有一先生”。此虽工已近于纤巧矣。

       (3)吾十年前尝有读《十字军英雄记》一诗云:“岂有酖人羊叔子?焉知微服赵主父?十字军真儿戏耳,独此两人可千古”。以两典包尽全书,当时颇沾沾自喜,其实此种诗,尽可不作也。

       (4)江亢虎代华侨诔陈英士文有“未悬太白,先坏长城。世无鉏麑,乃戕赵卿”四句,余极喜之。所用赵宣子一典,甚工切也。

       (5)王国维咏史诗,有“虎狼在堂室,徒戎复何补?神州遂陆沉,百年委榛莽。寄语桓元子,莫罪王夷甫。”此亦可谓使事之工者矣。

       上述诸例,皆以典代言,其妙处,终在不失设譬比方之原意;惟为文体所限,故譬喻变而为称代耳。用典之弊,在于使人失其所欲譬喻之原意。若反客为主,使读者迷于使事用典之繁,而转忘其所为设譬之事物,则为拙矣。古人虽作百韵长诗,其所用典不出一二事而已(《北征》与白香山《悟真寺诗》皆不用一典),今人作长律则非典不能下笔矣。尝见一诗八十四韵,而用典至百余事,宜其不能工也。

       (丑)用典之拙者 用典之拙者,大抵皆懒惰之人,不知造词,故以此为躲懒藏拙之计。惟其不能造词,故亦不能用典也。总计拙典亦有数类:

       (1)比例泛而不切,可作几种解释,无确定之根据。今取王渔洋《秋柳》一章证之:

       ‚娟娟凉露欲为霜,万缕千条拂玉塘。浦里青荷中妇镜,江干黄竹女儿箱。空怜板渚隋堤水,不见琅琊大道王。若过洛阳风景地,含情重问永丰坊。‛

       此诗中所用诸典无不可作几样说法者。

       (2)僻典使人不解。夫文学所以达意抒情也。若必求人人能读五车书,然后能通其文,则此种文可不作矣。

       (3)刻削古典成语,不合文法。“指兄弟以孔怀,称在位以曾是”(章太炎语),是其例也。今人言“为人作嫁”亦不通。

       (4)用典而失其原意。如某君写山高与天接之状,而曰“西接杞天倾”是也。

       (5)古事之实有所指,不可移用者,今往乱用作普通事实。如古人灞桥折胡适:《文学改良刍议》 6 柳,以送行者,本是一种特别土风。阳关、渭城亦皆实有所指。今之懒人不能状别离之情,于是虽身在滇越,亦言灞桥;虽不解阳关、渭城为何物,亦皆言“阳关三叠”,“渭城离歌”。又如张翰因秋风起而思故乡之莼羹鲈脍,今则虽非吴人,不知莼鲈为何味者,亦皆自称有“莼鲈之思”。此则不仅懒不可救,直是自欺欺人耳!

       凡此种种,皆文人之下下工夫,一受其毒,便不可救。此吾所以有“不用典”之说也。

       七曰不讲对仗 ......排偶乃人类言语之一种特性,故虽古代文字,如老子、孔子之文,亦间有骈句。如“道可道,非常道;名可名,非常名。无名天地之始,有名万物之母。故常无,欲以观其妙;常有,欲以观其徼。”此三排句也。“食无求饱,居无求安”;“贫而无谄,富而无骄”;“尔爱其羊,我爱其礼”。此皆排句也。然此皆近于语言之自然,而无牵强刻削之迹;尤未有定其字之多寡,声之平仄,词之虚实者也。至于后世文学末流,言之无物,乃以文胜;文胜之极,而骈文律诗兴焉,而长律兴焉。骈文律诗之中非无佳作,然佳作终鲜。所以然者何?岂不以其束缚人之自由过甚之故耶?(长律之中,上下古今,无一首佳作可言也。)今日而言文学改良,当“先立乎其大者”,不当枉废有用之精力于微细纤巧之末:此吾所以有废骈废律之说也。即不能废此两者,亦但当视为文学末技而已,非讲求之急务也。

       今人犹有鄙夷白话小说为文学小道者。不知施耐庵、曹雪芹、吴趼人皆文学正宗,而骈文律诗乃真小道耳。吾知必有闻此言而却走者矣。

       八曰不避俗语俗字 ........吾惟以施耐庵、曹雪芹、吴趼人为文学正宗,故有“不避俗字俗语”之论也(参看上文第二条下)。盖吾国言文之背驰久矣。自佛书之输入,译者以文言不足以达意,故以浅近之文译之,其体已近白话。其后佛氏讲义语录尤多用白话为之者,是为语录体之原始。及宋人讲学以白话为语录,此体遂成讲学正体(明人因之)。当是时,白话已久入韵文,观唐、宋人白话之诗词可见也。及至元时,中国北部已在异族之下,三百余年矣(辽、金、元)。此三百年中,中国乃发生胡适:《文学改良刍议》 7 一种通俗行远之文学。文则有《水浒》、《西游》、《三国》„„之类,戏曲则尤不可胜计(关汉卿诸人,人各著剧数十种之多。吾国文人著作之富,未有过于此时者也。)以今世眼光观之,则中国文学当以元代为最盛;可传世不朽之作,当以元代为最多:此可无疑也。当是时,中国之文学最近言文合一,白话几成文学的语言矣。使此趋势不受阻遏,则中国几有一“活文学出现”,而但丁、路得之伟业(欧洲中古时,各国皆有俚语,而以拉丁文为文言,凡著作书籍皆用之,如吾国之以文言著书也。其后意大利有但丁(Dante)诸文豪,始以其国俚语著作。诸国踵与,国语亦代起。路得(Luther)创新教始以德文译《旧约》、《新约》,遂开德文学之先。英、法诸国亦复如是。今世通用之英文《新旧约》乃1611年译本,距今才三百年耳。故今日欧洲诸国之文学,在当日皆为俚语。迨诸文豪兴,始以“活文学”代拉丁之死文学;有活文学而后有言文合一之国语也),几发生于神州。不意此趋势骤为明代所阻,政府既以八股取土,而当时文人如何、李七子之徒,又争以复古为高,于是此千年难遇言文合一之机会,遂中道夭折矣。然以今世历史进化的眼光观之,则白话文学之为中国文学之正宗,又为将来文学必用之利器,可断言也(此“断言”乃自言之,赞成此说者今日未必甚多也)。以此之故,吾主张今日作文作诗,宜采用俗语俗字。与其用三千年前之死字(如“于铄国会,遵晦时休”之类),不如用二十世纪之活字;与其作不能行远不能普及之秦、汉、六朝文字,不如作家喻户晓之《水浒》、《西游》文字也。

       结.论.

       上述八事,乃吾年来研思此一大问题之结果。远在异国,既无读书之暇晷,又不得就国中先生长者质疑问难,其所主张容有矫枉过正之处。然此八事皆文学上根本问题,—一有研究之价值。故草成此论,以为海内外留心此问题者作一草案。谓之刍议,犹云未定草也。伏惟国人同志有以匡纠是正之。

       民国六年一月(原载1917年1月1日《新青年》第2卷第5号,又载1917年3月《留美学生季报》春季第1号)

       (朱春敬2022年8月据北京大学出版社1998年版《胡适文集》第二卷6-15页打字录入)

       胡适:《文学改良刍议》 8 ―――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――

       今日思想界的一个大弊病

       胡适

       现在有一些写文字的人最爱用整串的抽象名词,翻来覆去,就像变戏法的人搬弄他的“一个郎当,一个郎当,郎当一郎当”一样。他们有时候用一个抽象名词来替代许多事实;有时候又用一大串抽象名词来替代思想;有时候同一个名词用在一篇文章里可以有无数的不同的意义。我们受过一点严格的思想训练的人,每读这一类的文字,总觉得无法抓住说的是什么话,走的是什么思路,用的是什么证据。老实说,我们看不懂他们变的是什么掩眼法。

       我试从我平日最敬爱的一个朋友陶希圣先生的《为试什么否认现在的中国》一篇

       里引一些例子。

       (1)在先,资本主义的支配还不太历害的时候,中国人便想自己也来一番资本

       主义,去追上欧、美列强。

       我们试想“也来一番资本主义”这句话是不是可以代庚子拳祸以前的一切变法维新的企图?设船厂,兴海军,兴教育,改科举,立制造局,翻译格至书籍,派遣留学生等等,这都可以用“也来一翻资本主义”包括了!这不是用抽象名词代替

       许多事实吗?

       (2)胡先生在过去与封建主义斗争的光荣,是我们最崇拜最愿崇拜的。

       这里说的是我自己了。然而我搜索我半生的历史,我就不知道我曾有过“与封建主义的光荣”。压根儿我就不知道这四十年的中国“与封建主义斗争的光荣”。压根儿我就不知道这四十年的中国“封建主义”是个什么样子。所以陶先生如果说我曾提倡白话文,我没法子抵赖。他恭维我曾与“封建主义”斗争,我只好对他胡适:《文学改良刍议》 说“小人无罪”。如果我做过什么“争斗”,我打的是骈文、律诗、古文,是死的文字,是某些某些不科学的信仰,是某个某个不人道的制度。这些东西各有很长的历史,各有他的历史演变的事实,都是最具体的东西,都不能用一个抽象名词(如封建主义)来解释他们,形容他们,或概括他们。即如骈文律诗,在中国古代封建制度的的确确存在的时代,何尝有骈文律诗的影子?骈文律诗起于比较很晚的时代,与封建主义何干?那个道地的封建制度之下,人们歌唱的(如《国风》)是白话,写的(如《论语》)也是白话。后来在一个统一的帝国之下,前一个时代的活文字渐渐僵死了,变成古文,被保留作统一帝国的交通工具,这与封建主义何干?又如我们所攻击的许多传统思想和信仰,绝大部分是两千年的长期印度化的产物,都不是中国广东封建制度之下原有的东西。把这些东西都归罪到“封建主义”一个名词,其错误等于说痨病由于痨病鬼,天花由于天花娘娘,自缢寻

       死由于吊死鬼寻替身!

       以上的例子都是用一个抽象名词来替代许多具体的历史事实。这毛病是笼统,是

       混沌,是抹煞事实。

       (3)没有殖民地,我们想像不到欧、美的灿烂光华。他们的灿烂光华是向殖民

       地推销商品和投下资本赚下来的。

       (4)没有殖民地,资本主义便不能存在。

       这样的推理,只是武断的把一串名词排成一个先后次序,把名词的先后次序替代了因果的关系。“没有殖民地,就没有了资本主义;没有了资本主义,就没有了欧、美的灿烂光华。”多么简单干脆的推论,中国没有殖民地(?),中国就没有资本主义。德国的殖民地全被《巴黎和约》夷群群剥夺了,德国也就没有资本主义了,也就不会有灿烂光华了?明儿美国让菲律宾独立了,或者菲律宾和夏威群岛都被日本抢去了,美国的资本主义也就不存在了?况且在三十六年前,美国压根儿就不曾有过一块殖民地,美国大概就没有资本主义了吧?大概也就没有什么“灿烂光华”了吧?这是事实吗?以上的列子是用连串名词的排列来替代思想的胡适:《文学改良刍议》 10 层次,来冒充推理的程序。这毛病是懒惰,是武断。

       (5)灿烂的个人自由的经济经营时代,至少是不能在中国再见的了。自由的旗帜高张起来也是空的。有组织有计划的生产,自由的旗帜高张起来也是空的。有组织有计划的生产,自然与自由主义的思想不相容。不过,民主或自由的思想在中国虽然空得很,却有一些重大的使命。这是因为封建主义还有存在。在对抗封建主义的阵容一点上,民主与自由主义是能够叫动社会同情的。如果误解这种同情的到来,是说中国的文化必走上民主自由的十九世纪欧、美式上,那便推论得

       太远了一点了。

       这一段文章里用“自由”一个名词,凡有六次。第一个“自由”是经济的,是自由竞争的经济经营。第二个“自由”好像是指名七八年以来我们一班朋友主张的自由主义的人生观和要求思想言论自由的政治主张。第三个“自由”就不好懂了:明明说的是“自由主义的思想”,却又是和“有组织有计划的生产”不相容,又好像是自由竞争的经济经营了。我们愚笨得很,只知道“自由主义的思想”和专制政治不相容,和野蛮黑暗的恶势力不相容;我们就没听见过它和“有组织有计划的生产”不相容。姑且不说大规模集中生产的资本主义也是“有组织有计划”的。试看看丹麦和其他北欧各国的各种生产合作制度,何尝不是有“组织有计划的生产”?又何尝与自由主义的 思想不相容?所以这第三个“自由”当然还是第一次提到的自由竞争的经济经营。第四个“自由”又是在指我们的思想言论自由的民治主张了。第五个“自由”也是如此。第六个“自由”的意义又特别扩大了,扩大到“十九世纪欧美式”的文化,这当然要包括自由竞争度和思想言论自

       由的政治要求等等了。

       这里用“自由”六次,至少有三个不同的意义:(1)自由竞争的经济经营;(2)我们一班朋友要求思想言论自由的民治主张;(3)“十九世纪欧美式”的自由主义 的文化。这三个广狭不同的意义,颠来倒去,忽上忽下,如变戏法的人抛起三个球,滚上滚下,使人眼睛都迷眩了,究竟看不清是一个球,还是三个球,还是五六个球。这样费大气力,变大花头,为的是什么呢?难道真是要叫读者眼光胡适:《文学改良刍议》 11 迷眩了,好相信胡适之不赞成“中国本位的文化建设”就是要“回转十九世纪自由主义的路”;而“回转十九世纪欧美自由主义的路”就等于犯了主张资本主义的大罪恶!

       这样的例子是滥用一个意义可广可狭的名词,忽而用其广义,忽而用其狭义,忽而又用其最广义,竟然用“资本主义”、“封建主义”等等名词,往往犯这种毛病。这病,无心犯的是粗心疏忽,有心犯的是舞文弄法。

       这些例子所表示的,总名为“滥用名词”的思想作文方法。在思想上,它造成懒惰笼统的思想习惯,在文字上,它造成铿锵空洞的八股文章。这都是中国几千年的文字障的遗毒古人的文字,谈空说有,说性谈天,主静主一,大部分都是“囊空橐雾”、“捕风捉影”的名词变戏法。“色不异空,空不异色。色即是空,空即是色”。这是人人皆知的模范文体。“用而不有,即有真空,空而不无,玄知妙有。妙有则摩珂般若。真空则清净涅槃。般若无照,能造涅槃;涅槃无生,能生般若。”我们现在读这样的文字,当然感觉这是用名词变戏法了。但是我们现在某位某位大师的名著,高谈着“封建主义时期”、“商业资本主义时期”、“落后资本主义时期”、“亚细亚生产方式时期”、“资本主义文化”、“社会主义文化”、“中国本位文化建设”、“创造的综合”、“奥伏赫变”、“迎头赶上”,„„我们就不认得这也是搬弄名词的把戏了。

       这种文字障,名词障,不是可以忽视的毛病。这是思想上的绝大障碍。名词是思想的一个重要工具。要使这个工具确当,用得有效,我们必须严格的戒约自己:第一,切不可乱用一个意义不曾分析清楚的抽象名词。(例如用“资本主义”,你得先告诉我,你心里想象的是你贵处每月三分的高利贷,还是伦敦、纽约的年息二厘五的银行放款。)第二,与其用抽象名词,宁可多举具体的事实;事实容易明白,名词容易使人糊涂。第三,名字连排的排列,不能替代推理:推理是拿出证据来,不是搬出名词来。第四,凡用一个意义有广狭的名词,不能随时变换它的涵义。第五,我们记得唐朝庞居士临死时的两句格言:“但愿空诸所有,不可实诸所无。”本没有贵,因为有了“大头贵”“长脚鬼”等等鬼名词,就好像真有鬼了。滥造鬼名词的人自己必定遭鬼迷。不可不戒!

       胡适:《文学改良刍议》 12 1935年6月2日

       (原载1917年1月《新青年》)

       胡适:《文学改良刍议》 13

第二篇:文学常识填空【校对版】

       唐宋文学常识

       填空题 唐代的诗歌极度繁荣,仅据编成于清康熙年间的《全唐诗》所录,就有诗人两千两百余人,作品四万余首,编为九百卷。唐文学的繁荣,也表现在众多而大师辈出上。《全唐文》收三千人,《全唐诗》收两千两百余人,据不完全统计,唐人小说今天可以找到的还有四百二三十种。在“四杰”中,卢照邻、骆宾王擅长七言歌行,王勃、杨炯擅长五律。陈子昂的诗歌革新主张见于他的名篇《与东方左史虬修竹篇序》 中,他的代表作是《感遇》三十八首。陈子昂在《与东方左史虬修竹篇序》一文中,正面提出他的诗歌革新主张,这篇文章标志着唐代诗风的转变。7 “以孤篇压倒全唐”的诗是《春江花月夜》。8 唐代王维有“诗佛”之称,刘禹锡有“诗豪”之称。盛唐山水田园诗派的代表作家是王维和孟浩然,此外的重要作家还有裴迪、储光羲、常建、等人。“味摩诘之诗,诗中有画;观摩诘之画,画中有诗”这是宋人苏轼对唐人王维作品所作的赞誉。唐代崔颢所作《黄鹤楼》被严羽《沧浪诗话》称为唐人七律第一。被誉为“七绝圣手”的唐代诗人是王昌龄。岑参边塞诗中鼎足而三的代表作是《走马川行奉送封大夫出师西征》、《白雪歌送武判官归京 》和《轮台歌奉送封大夫西征》,它们的共同特色是充满了浪漫乐观(存疑,抑或异域风格)的情调。

       唐宋文学常识 杜甫的“三吏”是《新安吏》、《石壕吏》、《潼关吏》。“三别”是《新婚别》、《无家别》、《垂老别》。杜诗的多样风格中,最具特征性的是杜甫自道的“语不惊人死不休”。“文章合为时而著,歌诗合为事而作”的主张,是白居易在《与元九书》一文中提出的。号称“五言长城”的诗人是刘长卿。大历诗风,指的是大历至贞元年间年间活跃于诗坛上的一批诗人的共同创作风貌。在韩孟诗派中,以瘦硬奇警为诗风特点,直接影响宋代江西诗派的重要诗人是孟郊。新乐府概念的形成,始于李绅的《乐府新题》二十首,后来白居易的《新乐府》五十首成为这一诗潮代表作。22 新乐府一词是白居易提出来的。白居易的生平与思想可分前后两期,以四十四岁时被贬江州为分界线。孟郊写诗与贾岛皆以苦吟著名。《寒地百姓吟》是孟郊的作品,“鸟宿池边树,僧敲月下门”是贾岛的佳句。人们常以奇崛险怪来评价韩愈及其周围诗人的诗风。《长恨歌》与《琵琶行》代表了白居易诗歌的最高艺术成就。27 柳宗元的山水游记突破了过去散体文偏重实用,以政治和哲理议论为主的局限,创造了一种更文学化、抒情化的散文类型。另外他的寓言摆脱了作为文章论说例证的依附性质,成为了一种独立的文体。

       唐宋文学常识 唐传奇《李娃传》的是白行简。话本流传下来的作品,一般可分为小说和讲史两大类。31 李朝威《柳毅传》兼有爱情和侠义的双重主题。

       下面一段话中涉及到唐代一些诗人的别号或姓氏等,请在横线上写出他们的正名:

       “开元、天宝间,则有李翰林(李白)之飘逸,杜工部(杜甫)之沉郁,孟襄阳(孟浩然)之清雅,王右丞(王维)储光羲之真率,王昌龄之声俊,高常侍(高适)、岑嘉州(岑参)之悲壮,李颀、常建之超凡,此盛唐之盛者也„„下及元和之际则有柳愚溪(柳宗元)之超然复古,韩昌黎(韩愈)之博大其词,张(张籍)王(王建)乐府,得其故实,元(元稹)白(白居易)序事,务在分明„„。” 34 请在严羽折断论诗体的文字中提到的宋代有代表性诗体后指出其著名诗人的姓名:

       以人而論,則有:蘇李體、曹劉體、陶體、謝體、徐庾體、沈宋體、陳拾遺體、王楊盧駱體、張曲江體、少陵體、太白體、髙逹夫體、孟浩然體、岑嘉州體、王右丞體、韋蘇州體、韓昌黎體、柳子厚體、韋柳體、李長吉體、李商隐體、盧仝體、白樂天體、元白體、杜牧之體、張藉王建體、賈浪仙體、孟東野體、杜荀鶴體、東坡體__苏轼___、山谷體_黄庭坚_、后山體 _陈师道_、王荆公體_王安石_、邵康節體_邵雍_、陳簡齋體_陈与义_、楊誠齋體_杨万里_。

       五代时,中国词史上有著名的两个词坛 西蜀 和 南唐。前者以花间词 派为中心,后者以 李煜 的成就最高。

       五代词有两个创作中心,一为西蜀,一为南唐。南唐词人以李璟、李煜、冯延巳 三人最为著名。37 姚合和贾岛并称“姚贾”。

       唐宋文学常识

       白行简的《李娃传》和蒋防的《霍小玉传》是唐代写人世爱情的传奇名篇。

       南宋“中兴四大诗人”是尤袤、杨万里、范成大、陆游。40 北宋初年,梅尧臣、苏舜钦 齐名,人称梅苏。

       南宋初期,吕本中作《江西诗社宗派图》,确立了江西诗派的名称。

       黄庭坚开创了有巨大影响的 “江西”诗派。其“一祖三宗”的“一祖”是指杜甫,“三宗”是指 黄庭坚、陈与义、陈师道

       。43 南宋中兴四大诗人中范成大晚年所作的《四时田园杂兴》在古代田园诗中有比较重要的影响。

       北宋第一个专力写词的作家是柳永,他是北宋婉约词派的早期代表。

       北宋末,宋徽宗设置大晟府,任用一批词人来审定音乐,粉饰太平,这就是所谓的“清真”词人,周邦彦是其中影响最大的一个。46 宋词到_柳永_才摆脱了《花间集》的束缚,到 苏轼 更矫首高歌,时见奇怀逸气,在婉约词家之外别立豪放一宗,开南宋以 辛弃疾 为代表的爱国词家的先河。

       宋初,由晚唐五代以来形成的婉丽词风更弥漫一时,晏殊、欧阳修是在这方面有代表性的作家。他们向来合称晏欧。

       北宋第一个专力写词的作家是柳永,他是北宋婉约词派的早期代表。他的《乐章集》中慢词占了十之七八。他使慢词发展成为与小令双峰并峙的一种成熟的文学样式。他的词多从世俗生活汲取素材,在当时 阶层中传唱最盛,他尤工于羁旅行役,《八声甘州》词是他的代表作。

       唐宋文学常识

       把边塞诗的内容带进词的领域,使词具有较多社会内容和开阔的风格的作家是范仲淹。

       据说苏轼曾戏呼秦观为“山抹微云君”,这是因为他的《满庭芳》曾经名动一时。

       被传为“三影郎中”或“桃李(杏)嫁东风郎中”的北宋前期词人是张先。

       李清照的词集叫《漱玉词》。

       现存宋元讲史话本有《梁公九谏》、《五代史平话》和《宣和遗事》。

       现存宋金时期唯一完整的诸宫调作品是董解元的《西厢记诸宫调》。

       金代诗人最推崇的宋代诗人是陆游。59 元好问是金代诗歌成就最高的作家。

       我国第一部诗话是欧阳修的《六一诗话》,它开创了我国古代诗歌评论“诗话“的形式,继之而起的有司马光的《续诗话》,陈师道的《后山诗话》,严羽的《沧浪诗话》和姜夔的《白石道人诗话》等。61 严羽的《沧浪诗话》是一部对后世诗歌实践和诗歌理论都有很大影响的著作。

       整理集校:程斌章、周宁涵 自行整理,如有异议,务必求证

第三篇:中外著名文学奖项(最新校对)

       中外著名文学奖项

       诺贝尔文学奖

       诺贝尔文学奖被认为是世界上最著名、最权威、最有影响的文学奖项,在全球文学界享有盛誉。获得诺贝尔文学奖,是许许多多作家一生梦寐以求的向往和追求,对于一个作家来说,能够获得这一奖项,是非常荣幸的事情。诺贝尔文学奖是阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔遗嘱中提到的五大奖励领域之一,他在遗嘱中说奖金的“一份奖给在文学界创作出具有理想倾向的最佳作品的人”。文学奖的颁奖单位是瑞典文学院。

       首届文学奖于1901年颁发,得主是法国诗人普律多姆(SullyPrudhomme)。历史上罗曼-罗兰、萧伯纳、海明威等著名作家均获得过此奖。在96名获奖作家中,欧洲作家占了73人、美国作家占了10人、中南美洲作家占了5人、亚洲作家占了4人、非洲作家占了3人、澳洲作家占了1人。

       国外著名文学奖项

       1.美国国家图书奖

       该奖由非营利机构的国家图书基金会主办,每年一度。设最佳小说奖、最佳非小说奖、最佳诗歌奖和最佳少年文学奖四大奖项,并且设特别荣誉奖章。它是美国最重要的文学奖,颁奖典礼是美国文坛的盛事。

       2.美国普利策奖

       “普利策奖”1917年由美国报纸发行人普利策在哥伦比亚大学创办,奖励为美国的新闻、文学、戏剧和音乐事业做出杰出贡献的人。该奖的文学奖中包括小说奖、表演剧本奖、美国历史奖、传记与自传奖、诗歌与大众非小说奖。每年春季颁发。

       3.加拿大总督文学奖

       加拿大总督文学奖堪称是加拿大最大的国家级文学奖,每年评选一次,由评审从上千件的英语、法语作品中评选出入围作品与得主,颁给小说、戏剧、非小说、儿童文学(文字和插图)、诗歌及翻译六大奖项。

       4.英国布克奖

       “布克奖”是英国的主要文学奖之一,每年评选一次,授予当年出版的最佳长篇小说。5.法国龚古尔文学奖

       “龚古尔文学奖”是1903年在法国设立的。早在1874年,法国作家埃德蒙·德·龚古尔(1822-1896)为了纪念他早逝的弟弟于勒·德·龚古尔(1830-1870),在遗嘱中规定用他们的遗产作为基金,成立龚古尔学院,由10位著名作家担任院士,每年评选出一本当年出版的最佳小说,颁布龚古尔文学奖。它在法国文学界的影响非同小可,只要是获得龚古尔奖的小说,法国人都情愿闭着眼睛掏腰包。

       6.西班牙塞万提斯奖

       塞万提斯奖,西班牙及拉美最高的文学奖项,西班牙语文学世界的最高荣誉。为纪念西班牙伟大作家和欧洲人文主义代表塞万提斯,1975年由西班牙文化部创设,1976年首次颁奖。每年评奖一次,由西班牙国王于4月亲自颁奖,授予用西班牙语写作的成就卓著的作家和诗人。

       7.爱尔兰都柏林文学奖

       都柏林文学奖成立于1994年,由爱尔兰都柏林市政府和美国管理顾问集团共同发起,都柏林市图书馆主办,是世界上奖金最高的单一文学奖。此奖项的入围者名单是由世界各地超过100所的公共图书馆共同提名,每所图书馆最多可以提名三本小说。

       8.澳大利亚迈尔斯·弗兰克林奖

       在澳大利亚众多的文学奖中,迈尔斯·弗兰克林奖(MilesFranklinAward)是历史最久、影响最大的奖项,每年迈奖的评选和颁奖典礼都是澳大利亚文学界的大事。迈尔斯·弗兰克林奖类似于我国的茅盾文学奖,是专门奖励长篇小说的。迈尔斯·弗兰克林是以小说《我的光辉生涯》享誉澳大利亚文坛的著名作家,民族主义文学的代表人物之一,澳大利亚女权主义的先驱,在世时虽有众多追求者,但终身未嫁,1954年去世时留下一大笔遗产。根据其遗嘱,澳大利亚设立了以她命名的文学奖,奖励在反映澳大利亚生活方面获得最高成就的文学作品。每年评奖一次,每次一部作品。

       9.日本芥川奖、直木奖

       自1935年起,日本为纪念两位知名作家芥川龙之介和直木三十五,由文艺春秋出版公司创设“芥川奖”和“直木奖”,这两个奖项均为日本重要文学奖,主要颁给日本文坛的新人。

       附:世界著名儿童文学奖项

       1.汉斯·克里斯蒂安·安徒生奖(HansAndersenAward)

       国际儿童读物联盟最著名的活动之一,每两年给一名儿童图书的作家和插图画家授奖,被称之为“小诺贝尔奖”。丹麦女王H·R·H·玛格丽特是这项奖的赞助人。该奖项从1956年起至今已经授予了26位作家。从1996年起至今已经授予了20位插图画家。

       2.纽伯瑞儿童文学奖(NewberyMedal)

       纽伯瑞是英国著名出版家,因开创了现代英美儿童文学的发展道路而被誉为“儿童文学之父”。为纪念他,1922年美国图书馆协会设立了此奖,它与安徒生奖齐名,每年颁发一次,奖励对象为上一年次出版的英语儿童文学作品,每年颁发金奖一部、银奖一部或数部。

       3.考迪考特奖(theCaldecottMedal)考迪考特奖源对19世纪英国插图画家伦道夫·考迪考特的尊敬而命名的,每年由美国图书馆协会为儿童服务的分支机构授予最杰出的美国儿童图画书艺术家。

       4.林格伦奖(LindgrenMedal)

       瑞典政府于2022年设立,以纪念2022年去世的儿童文学女作家阿丝曲德·林格伦,每年颁奖一次。——摘自《中国少儿出版》2022年第一期

       中国主要文学奖项

       1.鲁迅文学奖

       鲁迅文学奖是为鼓励中国优秀的中短篇小说、报告文学、诗歌、散文、杂文、文学理论和评论作品的创作,鼓励优秀的中外文学作品的翻译而设立的,由中国作家协会主办,是中国具有最高荣誉的文学大奖之一。鲁迅文学奖每两年评选一次。

       2.茅盾文学奖

       茅盾文学奖由中国作家协会主办,是根据著名作家茅盾同志生前遗愿,为鼓励优秀长篇小说的创作而于1981年设立的,是中国文学界具有最高荣誉的文学大奖之一。茅盾文学奖每四年评选一次。

       3.老舍文学奖

       老舍文学奖是北京市文联和老舍文艺基金会主办的北京市文学艺术方面的最高奖励,用于奖励京籍的创作和北京出版、发表的优秀作品。奖励项目包括长篇小说、中篇小说、戏剧剧本、电影电视剧和广播剧。

       4.曹禺戏剧文学奖

       曹禺戏剧文学奖,前身是创办于1980年的全国优秀剧本奖,1994年该奖项更名为“曹禺戏剧文学奖”。中国文联、中国戏剧家协会主办,是专就优秀的剧本创作所进行的全国性评奖,代表我国戏剧创作最高水准。每年评选一次,每届评出10个正式奖和10个提名奖。

       5.夏衍电影文学奖

       夏衍电影文学奖,始于1997年,是中国电影文学的最高奖,国家广播电影电视总局(前广播电影电视部)主办,每年评选一次,已颁发六届。

       6.姚雪垠文学奖

       姚雪垠文学奖,始于2022年,由中国作家协会中华文学基金会主办,根据著名作家姚雪垠的遗愿及捐款设立“姚雪垠长篇历史小说奖励基金”,专门奖励优秀的长篇历史小说。该奖每四年评选一次。

       7.冯牧文学奖

       冯牧文学奖,以鼓励新人为主,每年评选一次,下设三个奖项:(1)青年批评家奖;(2)文学新人奖;(3)军旅文学创作奖。三个奖项把重点放在了中青年作家、评论家上。

       8.庄重文文学奖

       庄重文文学奖是香港著名人士庄重文先生于1987年倡议出资,由中华文学基金会主办的一项青年文学奖。主要用来奖励在文学创作、文学评论中取得优异成绩的年轻作家和优秀的青年文学刊物。

       9.全国优秀儿童文学奖

       全国优秀儿童文学奖,1986年设立,中国作家协会主办,每三年评选一次,已颁发五届。此奖项是我国唯一的纯文学性的儿童文学奖项,是为鼓励优秀儿童文学创作,推动我国儿童文学事业的发展、繁荣而设立的。

       10.全国少数民族文学创作奖

       全国少数民族文学创作奖,1981年设立,1997年第五届评奖时改为“骏马奖”,由中国作家协会、国家民族事务委员会共同主办,每三年评选一次,已颁发七届。此奖项旨在培养少数民族文学创作人才,奖项包括:优秀长篇小说、中篇小说集、短篇小说集、诗集、散文集、报告文学集、评论及理论集、翻译、新人新作等。

       11.大家·红河文学奖

       大家·红河文学奖,始于1995年,由云南人民出版社《大家》杂志社和云南红河卷烟厂共同设立。奖金额10万元人民币。评选对象为《大家》发表作品的全部。每两年一届,每届一奖,每奖一人。

       12.新概念作文大赛

       新概念作文大赛,始于1998年,由《萌芽》杂志社率先发起,联合十所著名大学共同主办。这个面向高中学生的作文大奖,强调“新思维、新表达、真体验”,一度成为高校招生和少年成名的“直通车”。

       13.春天文学奖

       春天文学奖,始于2000年,著名作家王蒙将其在首届“《当代》文学拉力赛”上获得的10万元大奖捐给人民文学出版社,倡议设立30岁以下的文学新人奖,这便是春天文学奖。该奖项每年一度,颁奖的同时出版“春天丛书”,专门结集得奖者和获得提名者的作品集。长篇小说大奖奖金1万元;入围奖奖金3000元。

       14.华语文学传媒大奖

       华语文学传媒大奖,始于2022年,由南方都市报主办,是国内首个由大众媒体设立的文学大奖。该奖项一年一度,共设“杰出成就奖”、“小说家”、“诗人”、“散文家”、“文学评论家”、“最具潜力新人”6个奖项。第二届单项最高奖金仍为10万元,但奖金总额上升至20万元,是国内奖金最高的文学大奖。

第四篇:演讲稿英文版(已校对)

       Speech On the research status and the research conclusions Distinguished experts, teachers: Good morning!I am Zhang Cuicui from Department of Public Administration ,Nanjing College for Population Program Management, currently leads the practice of 2022 college students in Jiangsu province innovation training project of senior home group moderator.I`m honored today to share our group`s harvest with you.Our task is to investigate city community home-based care services model`s present situation, problems and sustainable development investigation and study, for this task we conducted a year-long survey research and social practice.Following I will represent our task group to report our investigation Research background information the degree of aging and the problems In 2022 the State Council issued the“ China aging development” Twelfth Five-Year Plan “ which points out,” Twelfth Five-Year Plan“ period, with the first arrival of the peak growing elderly population, the population aging process will be accelerated further, the problem of aging population is becoming more and more serious, the aging process and the nuclear family, empty nest is accompanied, and economy in the period of social transition contradiction interweaves, social security and pension service demand will increase quickly.In 2022April, IMF(International Monetary Fund)published to countries and regions in the world per capita GDP newest data shows that though our country`s GDP maintains moderately faster growth rate in gross, but the per capita GDP is only $4382, far behind the United States, Australia, Holland, Britain and Japan and other countries., accompanied by the state and pension fund run behind one's expenses, our country population advance rapidly aging problem is serious and people aged more than 65 years taking the proportion of the total population has increased from 7% to14%, most developed countries with more than 45 years time, China only 27years to complete the course, which belongs to the aging speed of the soon, the pension problem and economic development is not harmonious problem severity among countries.In spite of the great achievements China's social security work has labored, b there is still a big problem, facing a lot of difficulties.Social work pressure, the basic old-age insurance fund gap is huge, pension expenditure, medical insurance expenditure expands, which also caused the proportion of retirees and workers, social security” consumers“ and” producer“ ratio change, increase on-the-job worker contribution burden.Large senior groups` nursing, medical, social services and other aspects of the demand for social security will bring enormous pressure.In addition, the medical insurance system faces serious challenges, after 20years of medical insurance system reform in our country, the town has initially established the basic framework of overall medical insurance.However, medical insurance coverage is low, the medical service price confusion, the low proportion of government investment is the fact that hasn`t changed.Social welfare coverage grows, which has layed increasingly heavy pressure on the system, lack of effective interface between, the grim situation can`t be ignore.Family support for the senior has been considered to be the eastern traditional pension mode, with filial culture as the core of the supporting and respecting the old and has been praised as is the traditional virtues of the Chinese nation.Admittedly, in the natural economy of providing for oneself, as well as in our present from the family support to social transition stage, Xiao Yin culture and family endowment has played an important role.However, with the development of economy, especially the industrialized, city is changed, family that provides for the senior is bound by the impact, and the modernization of production are associated with the establishment of a social security system.The aging of society serious, the city`s accelerating changing speed and the increasing of floating population, not only brings the senior social security cost increase in the number, also caused the traditional family size and the change of family structure, family structure was gradually dismantled, family pension mode is lack of power, but the traditional culture and to win support among the people, nursing homes and other nursing institutions, seniors preferred for the familiar person and environment, more inclined to accept social services at home.In this case, whether the pension institutions or family, the traditional mode has to be broken.The above four points, is summed up to show our country`s per capita GDP is insufficient, the social security system is not all-round, strength and insufficient coverage of pension mode transition, case, do not become ”senile“ state preparation, into the” old“ state, the situation and the battlefield found bullet enough, pocket on the examination room found the book didn't read is the same reason.The current old-age home mode, the international community has become a widely respected pension system.Our country`s home-based care services research started in the nineteen eighties.The development of old-age service is the inevitable result of the trend of population aging, aging population old-age service is a social cause, which needs government, community, non-profit organization and other multivariate main body`s participation and construction, has gradually been the extensive consensus of social all circles, in recent years with the pension demand increase, government to improve the people's livelihood and promoting social harmony requirements, home-based care services to get the attention of social all circles and carry out, but the old-age population expansion, to China's old-age security brought hitherto unknown challenge, urgent need for home-based care services to carry out further research practice and innovation, maintaining its sustainable development.Two methods of investigation Research mainly includes two aspects, one is the Jiangsu provincial city, Nanjing, and other cities” home-based care services“ for the senior were obtained through a survey questionnaire, reliable data;two is the in-depth study of street, government and other institutions in home-based care services in primary practice, investigation of various measures of the concrete implementation situation, understanding in the actual operation process initiatives, including the old-age home status, satisfaction, group differences, the difficulties encountered and the sustainability of the investigation.The investigation into the questionnaires and interviews of two parts, Questionnaire survey in Nanjing Xuanwu District, Jiangning District, Qinhuai District, area within the city limits of the object of investigation for the Nanjing household registered 201for the senior, the aging distribution is from 60 to 92 years old.Interviews as long as in Jiangsu province Nanjing City, Suzhou City, Wuxi City, Changzhou City, Zhenjiang city service system for the aged in the workers were surveyed, respondents specifically responsible for home-based care services of community workers, participation in home-based care services by nursing staff, each city is in charge of the administrative staff in nursing work.In the survey, we extracted the Nanjing Xuanwu District” Suo Jincun10000 to help“ as a home-based care services of typical model analysis.A questionnaire was developed by the project team members in a large number of interviews, reading a lot of literature on the basis of prepared by natural information, questionnaire, on home care social understanding of the situation, the elderly mental health situation in three parts.The questionnaire used a single topic and MCQs, structured and unstructured combined form, contains a total of 30 projects.Main outcome measures in the following three aspects of different gender, age, cultural degree, family members of senior people's mental state, the future pension concern degree of correlation coefficient.The senior overall mental status index shows the different natural conditions in case selection difference test result.The current situation of old-age home services, service content, service satisfaction of the elderly.On the questionnaire survey to the data using the SPSS17.0version of the software, using descriptive statistics, mean, correlation analysis, statistical testing of statistical data and processing.Through the interview the interview data were summarized the collation and analysis.Three results 3.2.1basic situation analysis Relevant experts, scholars, the senior group can be divided according to age,60-69 for younger elderly,70-79in the age old man, aged 80 years and above for the elderly.The younger elderly67 people, accounting for29.8% of the total number of surveyed, age of85 elderly people, accounting for42.3% of the total number of surveyed, aged49, accounting for24.4% of the total were investigated;the marriage, married elderly people140 people, accounting for69.7% of the total number of being investigated, the widowed old people 57 people, occupy the by the investigation of the total 28.4%, unmarried1 elderly people, accounting for0.5% of the total separation were investigated,3 elderly people, accounting for1.5% of the total were investigated;the cultural degree, illiterate29 people, accounts for14.4% of the total number of surveyed, primary school culture 34, accounting for16.9% of the total number of surveyed, culture of junior high school50 people, occupy investigation total 24.9%, high school59 people, accounting for29.4% of the total number of survey, undergraduate culture 29, accounting for14.4% of the total number of survey.3.2.2cultural characteristics Present investigation shows the primary school and the education of the elderly accounted for31.3% of the total number of elderly, junior high school education accounted for24.9% of the total number of elderly people, high school education accounted for29.4% of the total number of elderly people, bachelor degree accounted for14.4% of the total number of elderly people.Different gender old cultural degree is also different, in which the primary school and the education of male elderly accounted for all the male elderly18.9%, while the primary school and the following cultural degree of elderly female accounted for all of the women surveyed elderly total 44%, younger elderly, primary school and education in the elderly accounted for28.3% of the total number of young people, in the in advanced age, primary school and education in the elderly accounted for35.5% of the total number of old age, but in the very elderly, primary school and the education accounted for36.7% of total other elderly.Investigation shows, at present in the elderly because of the influence of historical conditions, cultural degree is not high.Elderly female cultural level substantially lower than men's, so in home-based care services content and mode improvement should pay more attention to this.But at the research institute surveyed senior intellectuals in the oldest old is very high, with the passage of time, the proportion of senior intellectuals will be higher, and the older age groups cultural level will be higher, also means that the old man on the nursing service mode quality requirements are higher, which requires the old-age home nursing mode in operation in addition to providing material, medical and physical care, but also pay attention to the mental care and spiritual consolation.3.2.3family structure Survey of the family patterns, a living alone in the elderly accounted for13.4% of the total number of parents surveyed, living alone accounted for37.3% of the total number of people surveyed, and their children, grandchildren living together accounted for46.3% of the total number of people surveyed, other family structure accounts for3% of the total number of survey.In the survey sample of 57elderly widowed, in which 21old people still choose a person living alone accounted for36.8% of the total, widowed elders;one spouse for elderly parents living alone140 people,84 elderly people, occupy53.6% of the total number of spouses of elderly, children, and grandchildren live in the elderly is 56 people, occupy the a total of 40% spouses of elderly.In the older age groups, the elderly living alone accounted for22.4% of the total number of the oldest old in age, low, elderly parents living alone in the family mode respectively, middle aged elderly low total 58.8% and 49.2%.The illiterate culture level in elderly people, a people living and you live alone in family life in the elderly of illiteracy education in the elderly a total of 41.3%, in the primary school education in elderly people, a people living and you live alone in family life in the elderly accounted for the primary school education of the elderly is 44.1% of the total, in the junior middle school education level in elderly people, a people living and you live alone in family life in the elderly accounted for the junior middle school education level in the elderly a total of 48%, in the high school education for the elderly, a people living and you live alone in family life in the elderly accounted for the high school education of the elderly is 54.2% of the total, the bachelor degree in elderly people, a people living and you live alone in family life patterns in the elderly accounted for the bachelor degree in the elderly is 55.2% of the total, according to the correlation analysis, age and pattern of family life has statistically associated(> 0.05), the correlation coefficient is 0.345, marital status and the pattern of family life has statistically associated(> 0.01), the correlation coefficient is 0.433.Investigation shows, at present more and more senior people may fear that the children's life pressure is too large or relationship of processing factors such as the reluctant and children live together.The higher level of education of the elderly is reluctant and children and other family members living together, contrary to the lower level of education, the elderly where the family structure, family life relation is complex.The elderly family structure appeared diverse, is no longer before the traditional family pattern, but appeared alone, empty nest and other forms.At the same time, because of the increasingly intense competition in society, the lives of their children and work pressure, the old man is a joint family living in the trend of weakening, but rather and spouses living alone, and even some old man in a widowed after still alone.The 3.2.4 health status(1)the old man 's physical health Investigation shows, at present, the senior’s physical condition is satisfied, the senior whose physical health status is poor have worries, and should therefore provide more medical services.(2)the mental health of the elderly For the senior`s health status investigation and analysis we used a mood, a perfect score of 60, high scores that emotional states good mood, happy, positive, optimistic mood;encountered life events, emotional without obvious fluctuation, self adjustment, stable;life satisfaction and happiness of higher.Scores indicated low emotional state is poor, unhappy, emotionally negative, pessimistic, prone to anxiety, depression, often to worry about the future;encountered life events, emotional volatility, not good at self adjustment, poor stability;life satisfaction and happiness of the lower.By the investigation of elderly scored an average of 39.30, in a state of health.Gender differences in the elderly mental health status, female elderly mental health status in elderly male, but the difference was not obvious.With different cultural level of the elderly mental health different status, the bachelor degree in the elderly mental health status is not average, because of the high degree of the elderly for the home-based care services requirements are relatively high, but the old man 's overall educational level is not high, there will be lonely and communication.In social participation, active participation in community organization of the mental health of the elderly and other elderly compared with statistically significant difference, difference coefficient of 0.02.” Active aging “ is the first goal in 1996 in the” health and ageing Manifesto“ in put forward ” target“, the report in2022after from 21 countries of 29 delegates discussed revision submitted after the second session of the United Nations World Assembly on aging, accepted by the general assembly and written into as a political declaration on twenty-first Century, the aging of the population policy framework put forward formally.Since 2022, the second session of the United Nations World aging conference will be” active aging“ as a response to the twenty-first Century population aging ”policy framework“ was formally put forward,” independence, participation, care, self realization, dignity“ has gradually become the world recognized the old work basic principle, to” acknowledge that people in the aging process, they are in all aspects of life, enjoy the opportunity equality rights“ as the starting point.Among them, based on” the potential for the elderly is the future development of a strong foundation“ on the elders' social participation, is promoted to the ”older people's basic rights“ and” old people should enjoy the full life “ height, in two aspects of theory and practice is paid close attention to extensively, emphasize” from work in retired elderly and those sick or disabled people, their families, friends and relatives can still be, communities and nations are active contributors".Positive aging stress the aged social participation, with the elderly culture degree unceasing enhancement, the old man 's psychological demand will increase continuously, so home pension pension model should pay attention to the elderly in the community participation, rich people 's spiritual life, is the elderly in nursing process can feel self realization and self involved values.3.2.5social support Investigation shows, in all the surveyed people in difficulties, only rely on their own accounts for42.8% of the total number of elderly people.Rarely ask for help the elderly accounted for15.9% of the total number of elderly, sometimes ask for help the elderly accounted for13.9% of the total number of old people, often ask for help the elderly accounted for27.4% of the total number of elderly.In different cultural degree, the ability of elderly seeking social support had significant difference, in the independent sample variance analysis, cultural level and difficulties are encountered in the practice has a coefficient of 0.02significant differences.In different cultural degree, difficulty feel helpless ratio is with culture and raise the level of falling.In the face of difficulties on our own, where illiteracy, primary school, junior middle school education level in the elderly the ratio is over 50%, in high school and undergraduate education in the elderly in a very low percentage of only40.7% and13.3% respectively.At the same time, social support and age also correlation exists, the older only depend on own proportion is low, because as the old age increasing, the elderly need help is on the increase, in younger elderly, often ask for help the elderly accounted for the proportion of the total number of younger elderly17.9%, middle aged elderly often ask for help the elderly accounted for the proportion of the total number of age old man in32.9%, the elderly often ask for help the elderly accounted for the proportion of the total number of 30.6% elderly patients.Investigation shows, at present the senior`s seeking social support ability is not ideal, the lower level of education of the elderly social support seeking ability is low.Along with the old age increasing, the elderly need help is on the increase, in the old 60-69years old for this help the demand is not great, but the old man in the 70years old on social assistance demand suddenly enlarged, will be extended to80 years.Cultural level and the elderly to seek social support have significant correlation, the findings of previous research, women have an average life expectancy larger than the male, and female cultural level was significantly lower in men, so women in older age groups need more social attention, at the same time in the future nursing work, nursing career will be faced with more responsibility and more challenge.The old man entered the young old and senile stage social assistance demand also increases, which requires the service should have key, capture main contradiction.3.2.6on home care knowledge Investigation discovery, the elderly on home care is not to understand very much, although home retirement pension mode in our country has been running for more than 10 years, the old man on home care does not understand, which know old-age home number is 75 people only, for all 37.3% surveys in the elderly.Younger elderly living conditions and health status so that it does not pay much attention to their pension problem;in age of elderly living state and their own health condition to begin to consider their own problems, also begin to pay close attention to the various nursing mode choice, thus to better understanding of the elderly old-age home;in most cases, loss of widowed can or a disability, their status is complex, and their social contact, receivers of information capacity is relatively low.Thus, the old-age home publicity work should also strengthen further, considering on home care propaganda way should take into account all age in different situations, to select a suitable information propaganda way.3.2.7 on home-based care services needs of the project On old-age home service project survey, elderly on medical service needs in a substantial increase, for guiding service demand decrease instead.For example, Ankang, old age demand less, because Ankang has been unable to meet the demand of elderly people, cannot provide substantial help.In the younger elderly in only 44.8% of the elderly think there should be a nursing home, this shows that more than half of the elderly in the preference for home care, elderly people over the age of 80on home care needs and rising demand, but is not particularly high, worried that home care can not meet the demand and service.Old table accept degree low, especially the elderly acceptance, because as the old age increases, the elderly body status differences, and elderly patients with chronic disease prevalence rate is high, the old man in the diet on the difference will be bigger and bigger, therefore on the old dining table this service should be further analyzed and adjusted, for example, increased nutrient division.Domestic services and home care needs very high, should be present in the provision of services to expand supply.3.2.8home-based care services satisfaction Investigation discovery, at present the younger elderly to home-based care services satisfaction and satisfactory accounts for28.8% of the total number of survey on satisfaction, home-based care services for general accounted for35.8% of the total number of being investigated, to the satisfaction of home-based care services for less satisfied and dissatisfied accounted for35.3% of the total number of survey.In the primary school and the education for the elderly, less satisfied and dissatisfied with the proportion of 31.9%, in the junior middle school education level among the elderly, not very satisfied and dissatisfied with the proportion of 38%, in the high school education for the elderly, less satisfied and dissatisfied with the proportion of 32.2%, undergraduate and above the degree of the elderly, not very satisfied and dissatisfied with the ratio of 44.8%.The old man on home care satisfaction varied with age differences in young, elderly, to home-based care services was not satisfied and dissatisfied with the proportion of 49.2%, in the age of home-based care services for the elderly, not very satisfied and dissatisfied with the proportion of 25.9%, in the very elderly, home-based care services not to very satisfied and dissatisfied with the ratio of 32.6%.The senior`s home-based care services satisfaction is low, the old-age home service quality also need to be further improved.The higher level of education of the elderly to the home-based care services satisfaction is low, younger elderly on home care is not very understanding, the spirit of the high demand, and at present home care psychiatric care lack, therefore satisfaction compared with other age groups are low.The oldest old on home care satisfaction is low, mainly because of the elderly on home care have special needs, while the services can not fully meet the needs of the elderly.The old man of home-based care services satisfaction is low, home for the aged in the operation process, should be aimed at different age stage of the needs of the elderly, while improving the quality of home-based care services, with highly educated elderly population continues to increase, the elderly on old-age home more and more high quality requirements, and constantly improve the home-based care services model is home pension mode the key to continue.3.2.9 on future pension concerns Investigation discovery, the elderly on future pension is not worried, elderly people in retirement expectations or positive.Different age of the future pension concern degree is different, younger elderly age is light, since the reform and opening up social security is not in place, the pension system is not perfect, the elderly pension anticipation is not clear;in age old man not too worried, because they are physically healthy, in need of care level is relatively low, at stable period, 3.2.10old-age home run status Home-based care services station receives in the elderly with relatively wide sources, a home-based care services station street near the average from7-8street in the elderly.Enjoy the home-based care services are mostly low income above 70 years of age living alone, empty nester.Engaged in home-based care services at all from the local streets, workers pay 9.2yuan per hour, each month must do 26 hours, a monthly income of about 240yuan.Nursing assessment procedure is: at the end of nursing work followed by the old man himself in the table of tick, signature, then workers take their examination table to according to maintain seal, at this stage, the neighborhood of the role is to supervise control.In nursing management, at the end of each month, workers to the service station office meeting, summarize the work this month, according to the nursing work and put forward the new requirements for workers, and the elderly communication skills training.At the same time through visits, telephone and carer feedback to understand the old man 's satisfaction and completion of the nursing examination.The provisions of Nanjing until 2022, each community to home-based care services center, but in the face of such a task, the community will face many challenges, community worker's compensation is too low, each worker has to serve 5 to 6 people, and the nurse's business hours are fixed, the living conditions of older persons is not good, the main economic status led.In recent years the society of home-based care services demand is growing, the living conditions of older persons can not be relevant departments truthfully reaction.At present home pension problems mainly displays in: the government is short of money, some things as a community worker is incapable of action of government of;of old-age home policy can be implemented in low, execute rise facing great difficulties;nursing level, workers are moving, low degree, low income, age 40 so, some even are illiterate, and they will only be home-based care services as part-time;government policy adjustment can not keep up with changes;the service staff and volunteers of origin stenosis, cutting business hours too little, old people can easily be lonely.The solution to this problem temporarily coping strategies is door-to-door neighbor, community members, the usual care.Home-based care services station was Aging Committee and the office of the dual leadership, in the policy and decision implementation faces dilemma.We suggest that home care policies to take into account the working-class, improve workers wages, can provide the relevant social welfare, attract more talented people to engage in this important work.3.3conclusion Our country as the aging of the population, in the impact of population aging appears to be taken by surprise, the supporting problem has become the focus and difficulty in solving the people`s livelihood, so the problem of providing for the aged than ever to get more attention and support.This study is mainly directed against the city 's home pension problems, mainly in Nanjing as the cases for investigation and discussion.From the investigation can be found in our country, the city pension faces many problems.In the nursing career development and economic development to match problem also will face enormous challenge, achieve happiness endowment is shouldering the heavy pressure.Investigation shows, at present in the elderly is not very willing to work with children live together, but were more likely to choose to old two lives, even in the widowed after still alone.In service for the old projects like Ankang, home care, generation of shopping services such as the actual supply far did not reach the level of demand, in this case, the desired pattern is the old aged pension.The old man 's cultural level of gender significant gaps exist, female culture is much lower than the male, the female life expectancy was generally higher in men, which means that in the empty nest elderly in the proportion of women will be far more than the male, investigation discovery, culture level is high in the elderly seek social support obviously ability strong in the low cultural level.So in home-based care services should be more active to provide help, pay more attention to the mental care.The old man the old-age home understanding is not very common, even with the desired to have bigger difference, take the initiative to participate in community activities on old-age home know better, and the future of nursing concern degree is relatively low, which requires the community workers to for the elderly to provide more group activities, rich organization life.In home-based care services mode of operation, with the continuous development of the social old-age home, the home care service team specialized requirements higher, the service content extensive sex requirement more, to service the normative form of more stringent requirements.This requires engaging older workers in geriatric nursing service to actively take the initiative to see current situation, capture main contradiction, overcome difficulty, optimizing service model, old-age home mode for sustainable operation and development.Currently engaged in home care services and community workers have good professional skills, whether in services or in the management can provide the basic demand, this also because of community workers and service personnel's salary is too low, cannot reflect the post value caused by, so in the pay and service personnel training and assessment the mechanism should be further improved, continuously towards positive aging direction.

第五篇:价值辩题收集(已校对)

       2022山海杯国际辩论邀请赛辩题(8)

       1、情比金坚/金比情坚

       2、对于个人幸福而言,宗教/科学更重要

       3、网购狂欢节是/不是一种好的商业模式

       4、好为人师是/不是美德

       5、知道越多越像是世界的宠儿/弃儿

       6、人懂得坚持/退让更伟大

       7、人类越来越坚强/越来越脆弱

       8、营救式刑求是/不是可取的手段 2022年赛季黄金联赛辩题(21)

       1、苹果公司应该/不应该协助FBI解锁恐怖分子的手机

       2、大学生教育应该精英化/平民化

       3、辩论娱乐化是辩论之福/祸

       4、帝吧翻墙出征是不是网民文明的表现

       5、对弱势群体的态度能/不能反映社会文明程度

       6、大城市积分入户制度利大于弊/弊大于利

       7、大量IP改编是/不是影视作品创作的瓶颈

       8、美是客观存在/主观感受

       9、慎独/众更重要

       10、大学生在上学期间做兼职利大于弊/弊大于利

       11、新闻道德比新闻价值重要/新闻价值比新闻道德重要

       12、道义比利益/利益比道义对人际关系的影响更大

       13、网络的发展对文学利大于弊/弊大于利

       14、超级英雄的出现对世界而言更是幸福/灾难

       15、《电视剧内容制作通则》的出台是电视行业的一种进步/退步

       16、富有比贫穷/贫穷比富有更能暴露人性之恶

       17、科技发展应该/不应该有伦理界限

       18、执念使人更清醒/更迷茫

       19、改善国家形象,更应该依赖政府/民众 20、应该/不应该提倡实名制捐款

       21、毕业生就业岗位与专业方向不一致,是/不是教育资源的浪费

       2022华语辩论世界杯辩题(14)

       1、辩论活动应不应该走向职业化

       2、促进电动汽车销售的关键是提升动力电池的性能/加快充电设施建设

       3、拆除封闭式小区围墙,利大于弊/弊大于利

       4、人生之美在于瞬间/永恒

       5、媒介素养/媒介伦理对中国网民更重要

       6、门当户对是/不是过时的婚姻价值观

       7、传播中国形象,内容/渠道更重要

       8、伦理是/不是市场的禁区(2022新国辩)

       9、网络流行语言利大于弊/弊大于利

       10、人生贵在有成/适意

       11、人工智能觉醒后会/不会与人类共存

       12、中超联赛的“金元风暴”有利于/不利于中国足球发展

       13、媒介融合对传统电视媒体更是机遇/挑战

       14、驾考合一/自学直考更有利于培养出合格的汽车驾驶员 第六届世界华语辩论锦标赛辩题(22)

       1、网络红包让过年更有年味/没有年味

       2、生养子女以防老是/不是过时的生育观念

       3、恶法非法/恶法亦法

       4、成年人更应该看重利弊/对错

       5、当今中国,医患矛盾的核心成因是观念问题/制度问题

       6、宁为鸡口,无为牛后/宁为牛后,无为鸡口

       7、传统孝道是财富/传统孝道是包袱

       8、从未得到/得而复失更可悲

       9、心灵鸡汤有营养/没营养

       10、科学是/不是世界的最优解

       11、大学生成为精致的利己主义者是否有利于个人发展

       12、奇葩说有助于/无助于推动辩论的发展

       13、社交媒体对社会热点问题的讨论利大于弊/弊大于利

       14、绿色堡垒是/不是正义的

       15、高学历女性做全职太太合理/不合理

       16、做学问应该是为人之学/为己之学

       17、媒体介入对中国司法公正利大于弊/弊大于利

       18、自媒体时代我们离真相越来越近/越来越远

       19、知识分子应该坚守学院/走向大众 20、暴力/非暴力手段更有助于遏制极端主义

       21、拥有宗教信仰使人更坚强/更脆弱

       22、人类越来越需要/不需要宗教 2022年捭阖辩论赛辩题(11)

       1、现行的中小学生“减负”政策利大于弊/弊大于利

       2、当今中国一流大学应该着重教学大于研究/研究大于教学

       3、法律能/不能解决扶不起的老人问题

       4、当今中国产业升级,更应以环境保护倒逼/经济增长带动

       5、生养子女防老是/不是过时的生育观

       6、全面开放二胎会/不会加剧女性在职场的弱势地位

       7、政府官员应该/不应该因为生活作风问题受到行政处分(2022)

       8、教育产业化利大于弊/弊大于利(2022)

       9、在多元种族国家,提倡多元价值/鼓励同化政策更能促进国家团结(2022)

       10、城市公共交通服务的定价应高于/低于运营成本(2022)

       11、语文教材更应该传颂经典/与时俱进(2022)2022新国辩辩题(15)

       1、欢愉/创造是活着的最大意义

       2、徒有勇气/智慧更可悲

       3、人生在世,重在“我尝试过”/“我没做错”

       4、人生追求应以道德成就/建功立业为重

       5、求真比向善更重要/向善比求真更重要

       6、利己/利他是更好的生存策略

       7、富人为富不仁/穷人好吃懒做更糟糕

       8、无耻/疯狂更可怕

       9、伦理是/不是市场的禁区

       10、推动社会制度演进应该/不应该追求强化社会福利

       11、社会发展更应以当前群众意愿/国家长远福祉为依归

       12、法律应该/不应该与道德脱钩

       13、网络舆论让我们的思考更多元/更单一

       14、信息碎片化提升/降低当代人的认知水平

       15、当代社会更需要冷头脑/热心肠 第五届世界华语辩论锦标赛(13)

       1、人际交往中,隐忍/坦率更能消解矛盾

       2、木秀于林,风必摧之/木秀于林,风必助之

       3、爱情之美在于瞬间/永恒

       4、社会进步主要由精英/大众推动

       5、发展中国家进行版权保护利大于弊/弊大于利

       6、宁可做过,不可错过/宁可错过,不可做过

       7、为人处事,审时度势/坚守原则更重要

       8、韬光养晦/锋芒毕露更是当今中国外交的生存之道

       9、岂能尽如人意但求无愧于心/岂能无愧于心,但求尽如人意

       10、寒门难出贵子/寒门不难出贵子

       11、娱乐化辩论节目是辩论之福/祸

       12、城市圈发展更应注重经济发展/文化认同

       13、参加亲子真人秀对孩子的成长利大于弊/弊大于利 2022年黄金联赛(10)

       1、大学生炒股值得/不值得鼓励

       2、现如今,青年创业更容易/更不易成功

       3、专车合法化有利于/不利于出租车行业的良性发展

       4、外来文化是/不是本国文化危机的根源

       5、创新教育关键在大学/社会

       6、应该/不应该对文明间的竞争与淘汰加以干预

       7、改善国家形象,更应依赖官方/民众

       8、命运共同体,重在价值认同/利益捆绑

       9、社会应当/不应当包容讽刺艺术家在其作品中的冒犯

       10、礼法合治,法在礼先/礼在法先 2022星辩(8)

       1、追求无愧于心/尽如人意更愚蠢

       2、情比金坚/金比情坚

       3、知难行易/知易行难(1995国辩决赛)

       4、真理越辩越明/真理不会越辩越明(1997国辩决赛)

       5、美是客观存在/美是主观感受(1999国辩决赛)

       6、钱是万恶之源/钱不是万恶之源(2022国辩决赛)

       7、顺境更有利于人的成长/逆境更有利于人的成长(2022国辩决赛)

       8、名利/真情是现代人最渴望的追求 第八届CDA辩题(28)

       1、人活着最重要的是希望/责任

       2、强人政治有利于/不利于国家发展

       3、一夫一妻制不是/是最佳的婚姻方式

       4、合群重要/不重要

       5、阶级固化会让社会更稳定/不稳定

       6、动机/效果是评判行为善恶的标准

       7、爱让人更坚强/更脆弱

       8、对于弱者的怜悯是社会法制进步的阻碍/推动

       9、灾难来临,应该奉行强者生存/保护弱者

       10、法律与人情相悖/不相悖

       11、就业保障/职业保障更能给人安全

       12、信息高速公路对发展中国家有利/无利

       13、在校大学生创业利大于弊/弊大于利

       14、个人主义适合/不适合二十一世纪

       15、现阶段对于医闹现象应以惩处/安抚为主

       16、知识扶贫比经济扶贫更重要/经济扶贫比知识扶贫更重要

       17、当今中国,治吏比治民更重要/治民比治吏更重要

       18、大学生短期支教利大于弊/弊大于利

       19、温饱是/不是谈道德的必要条件

       20、宁要大城市一张床,不要小城市一套房/宁要小城市一套房,不要大城市一张床

       21、大众舆论关注司法审判利大于弊/弊大于利

       22、青春贵在仰望星空/脚踏实地

       23、求真重于求善/求善重于求真

       24、人格比人缘更重要/人缘比人格更重要

       25、生命的可悲/可喜之处在于不可重来

       26、沉默/愚昧更可怕

       27、应患人之不己知/不患人之不己知

       28、文化传承需要原汁原味/融入流行 第七届CDA(39)

       1.辩论应是一项大众/小众活动 2.时间不可以倒流是人生的幸运/不幸 3.婚前财产公证制度是对婚姻的保护/伤害 4.青春,就要/不能挥霍 5.迟来的正义是/不是正义

       6.保护弱者/制约强者更能体现道德的意义 7.市民的不文明行为应当/不应当被媒体曝光 8.现代社会君子更应善守不同/善求相同 9.回忆,让人更幸福/痛苦

       10.当今中国,精英知识分子更应在体制内/体制外发挥作用

       11、战争/和平更能促进科技发展

       12.韬光养晦/锋芒毕露是现今社会生存之道 13.人类应/不应该拥有时光机

       14.当前中国购买国外电视节目版权利大于弊/弊大于利 15.“弃婴岛”的设置利大于弊/弊大于利 16.媒体呼吁公众对特定报道对象捐款是否值得提倡 17.信仰是理性/感性的结果

       18.大学生信用消费应该/不应该被鼓励 19.微博实名制利大于弊/弊大于利

       20.维护公共安全,政府与公众何者作用更大? 21.企业家应该/不应该承担社会改革的责任 22.大数据时代是最好的/最坏的时代 23.明星有/没有义务成为大众道德楷模

       24.表露自我情感比收藏自我情感/收藏自我情感比表露自我情感更利于人际交往

       25.物资资助比人力资助/人力资助比物资资助更能协助落后国家的发展

       26.我们需要/不需要心灵鸡汤

       27.当前中国需要/不需要普京式领导人 28.人有能力/没有能力控制欲望 29.无知者无畏/博学者无畏

       30.自由贸易/保护贸易更有利于发展中国家发展 31.跨文化的了解,语言掌握是/不是关键 32.专利权催化/阻碍人类创新

       33.知道的越多,越像是世界的宠儿/孤儿 34.成本透明化能/不能有效遏制房地产暴利 35.成功学可以/不可以帮助我们成功

       36.儒家思想能/不能成为转型期中国的价值依托 37.电影发展更应看重艺术价值/商业价值

       38、轰轰烈烈/平平淡淡才是人生 39.美貌是福/是祸 【共189道辩题】 来源于贴吧的辩题 辩题来源贴吧

       1、丑小鸭为什么会变成白天鹅 正:他经过不断努力 反:他本身就是白天鹅

       2、环境文化重在卫生打扫和保持/行为养成和坚持

       3、个人命运由个人掌握/社会掌握

       4、成事在人/成事在天

       5、内涵比颜值重要/颜值比内涵重要

       6、校企合作弊大于利/利大于弊

       7、笑比哭难看/哭比笑难看

       8、朋友圈该不该屏蔽父母

       9、古装剧该不该还原服装

       10、中学生升学应以个人看法/就业市场决定升学方向

       11、女人是不是美丽的象征

       12、成绩比能力重要/能力比成绩重要

       13、合作比竞争/竞争比合作更有利于个人发展

       14、做大河的小鱼/做小河的大鱼

       15、传统文化/网络文学更能推进文学发展

       16、与谁同行比去向何方更重要/去向何方比与谁同行更重要

       17、最聪明的人/全知者最危险

       18、娶老婆选林黛玉/薛宝钗

       19、大学生毕业应先考研/就业 20、现代人应该以仁为主/以智为主

       21、完美的爱情需要/不需要争执

       22、爱是铠甲/爱是软肋

       23、大学生谈恋爱利大于弊/弊大于利

       24、善有善报/善未必有善报

       25、爱情更在乎天长地久/曾经拥有

       26、成年人应该看重利弊/对错

       27、拿起来难/放下来难

       28、传统文化是/不是民族包袱

       29、约会时应该/不应该AA制 30、大学生应该注重职业规划/收入

       31、发掘人才需要考试/不需要考试

       32、食品安全主要靠政府监管/企业自律

       33、通才/专才更适应社会竞争

       34、中学生校服应不应该个性化

       35、神一样的对手比猪一样的队友/猪一样的队友比神一样的对手更可怕

       36、网络语言流行利大于弊/弊大于利

       37、街亭失守,错在马谡/错在孔明

       38、旁观者清/旁观者不清

       39、爱情是柴米油盐/诗和远方

       39、善行/善心是真善

       40、宽松式管理对大学生利大于弊/弊大于利

       41、大学生应不应该整容

       42、行善应该高调/低调

       43、吆喝该不该存在

       44、文凭重要/能力重要

       45、人类需不需要时光机

       46、有钱是否会幸福

       47、真正的爱情一定/不一定会天长地久

       48、女汉子/萌妹子更受欢迎

       49、保护弱者是/不是社会的倒退 50、大学生就业是大城床/小城房

       51、在人生的道路上,主要靠奋斗/机遇

       52、啃老族的出现主要怪父母/自己

       53、高考激励是否需要雷人标语

       54、礼让应不应该分界线

       55、孙悟空/唐僧选哪个做你的朋友

       56、女生应不应该主动追男生

       57、爱情需不需要考验

       58、中学生是否可以谈恋爱

       59、清明节祭扫应该传承传统/创新 60、代沟的主要责任在父母/孩子

       61、事业比待遇更能留住人/待遇比事业更能留住人 62、不破不立/不立不破

       63、老师课上应该/不应该少说话

       64、在校中学生参加课余劳动是否有利于成才 65、学生上课睡觉老师是否应该叫醒 66、电子书能否在将来取代纸质书籍 67、青年改变社会/社会改变青年 68、道不同不相为谋/可以为谋 69、青少年的素质提高主要靠家庭教育/学校教育 70、高中生把手机带进教室利大于弊/弊大于利 71、助学贷款可以理解/不能原谅 72、生存/尊严更重要

       73、相爱容易相处难/相处容易相爱难

       74、优秀的学习成绩是不是成功大学生的必要条件 75、哆啦A梦是损友/益友

       76、大学社团应该定向发展还是自由发展 77、初恋时懂不懂爱情

       78、虎爸狼妈式教育是否有利于孩子成长 79、市民的不文明行为应不应该被曝光

       80、网络舆论对司法公正积极作用大于消极作用/消极作用大于积极作用

       81、新闻报道保护当事人隐私比告知公众真相更重要/告知公众真相比保护当事人隐私更重要 82、农民工适合留守城市还是回乡 83、人类今天应不应该限制人工智能的发展 84、科技越发展,人越有/没有安全感 85、跳槽有利于/不利于人才发挥作用 86、成大事者不拘小节/拘小节

       87、家长应不应该给高中生一定的执事权 88、人更应该放眼未来/回顾过去 89、企业发展开源/节流更重要 90、你支持穷养儿还是富养儿 正:穷养

       反:富养

       91、梅花香自苦寒来/梅花香自本性出 92、以暴制暴是不是正义 93、演员成就剧本/剧本成就演员 94、大学生广泛社交利大于弊/弊大于利 95、功夫不负有心人/功夫也负有心人 96、舍友应该亲密有间/亲密无间 97、宁折不曲/能屈能伸方显英雄本色 98、人生因自信而美丽/人生因美丽而自信 99、“我是为你好”是否为道德绑架 100、大都市发展应该/不应该鼓励私人买车 101、富贵不能淫/贫贱不能移更可贵

       102、当今大学生创业难主要是社会原因/个人原因 103、性教育是科学教育/道德教育 104、垃圾分类在于大手牵小手/小手牵小手 105、企业用人以才/以德为先 106、没有爱情的大学是否完美 107、睡不着/起不来更痛苦 108、沉默/舆论更可怕

       109、是否看好房地产未来的形式

       110、选对好老师/选对学校更重要 111、人们是大自然的保护者/破坏者 【共111道辩题】 【共收集300道辩题】